https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01893-5
Regular Article
Loewner evolution for critical invasion percolation tree
1
Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60451-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
2
PMMH, ESPCI, 7 quai St. Bernard, 75005, Paris, France
a
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Received:
24
August
2025
Accepted:
28
August
2025
Published online:
5
September
2025
Abstract
Extending the Schramm–Loewner Evolution (SLE) to model branching structures while preserving conformal invariance and other stochastic properties remains a formidable research challenge. Unlike simple paths, branching structures, or trees, must be associated with discontinuous driving functions. Moreover, the driving function of a particular tree is not unique and depends on the order in which the branches are explored during the SLE process. This study investigates trees formed by nontrapping invasion percolation (NTIP) within the SLE framework. Three strategies for exploring a tree are employed: the invasion percolation process itself, Depth-First Search (DFS), and Breadth-First Search (BFS). We analyze the distributions of displacements of the Loewner driving functions and compute their spectral densities. Additionally, we investigate the inverse problem of deriving new traces from the driving functions, achieving a reasonably accurate reconstruction of the tree-like structures using the BFS and NTIP methods. Our results suggest the lack of conformal invariance in the exploration paths of the trees, as evidenced by the non-Brownian nature of the driving functions for the BFS and NTIP methods, and the inconsistency of the diffusion constants for the DFS method.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
