Future circular collider feasibility study report

M. Benedikt; F. Zimmermann; B. Auchmann; W. Bartmann; J. P. Burnet; C. Carli; A. Chancé; P. Craievich; M. Giovannozzi; C. Grojean; J. Gutleber; K. Hanke; A. Henriques; P. Janot; C. Lourenço; M. Mangano; T. Otto; J. Poole; S. Rajagopalan; T. Raubenheimer; E. Todesco; L. Ulrici; T. Watson; G. Wilkinson; A. Abada; M. Abbrescia; H. Abdolmaleki; S. H. Abidi; A. Abramov; C. Adam; M. Ady; P. R. Adz̆ić; I. Agapov; D. Aguglia; I. Ahmed; M. Aiba; G. Aielli; T. Akan; N. Akchurin; D. Akturk; M. Al-Thakeel; G. L. Alberghi; J. Alcaraz Maestre; M. Aleksa; R. Aleksan; F. Alharthi; J. Alimena; A. Alimenti; S. Alioli; L. Alix; B. C. Allanach; L. Allwicher; A. A. Altintas; M. Altınlı; M. Alviggi; G. Ambrosio; Y. Amhis; A. Amiri; G. Ammirabile; T. Andeen; K. D. J. André; J. Andrea; A. Andreazza; M. Andreini; T. Andriollo; L. Angel; M. Angelucci; S. Antusch; M. N. Anwar; L. Apolinário; G. Apollinari; R. B. Appleby; A. Apresyan; Aram Apyan; Armen Apyan; A. Arbey; B. Argiento; V. Ari; S. Arias; B. Arias Alonso; O. Arnaez; R. Arnaldi; F. Arneodo; H. Arnold; P. Arrutia Sota; M. E. Ascioti; K. A. Assamagan; S. Aumiller; G. Aydın; K. Azizi; P. Azzi; N. Bacchetta; A. Bacci; B. Bai; Y. Bai; L. Balconi; G. Baldinelli; B. Balhan; A. H. Ball; A. Ballarino; S. Banerjee; S. Banik; D. P. Barber; M. B. Barbero; D. Barducci; D. Barna; G. G. Barnaföldi; M. J. Barnes; A. J. Barr; R. Bartek; H. Bartosik; S. A. Bass; U. Bassler; M. J. Basso; A. Bastianin; P. Bataillard; M. Battistin; J. Bauche; L. Baudin; J. Baudot; B. Baudouy; L. Bauerdick; C. Bayındır; H. P. Beck; F. Bedeschi; C. Bee; M. Begel; M. Behtouei; L. Bellagamba; N. Bellegarde; E. Belli; E. Bellingeri; S. Belomestnykh; A. D. Benaglia; G. Bencivenni; J. Bendavid; M. Benmergui; M. Benoit; D. Benvenuti; T. Bergauer; N. Bernachot; G. Bernardi; J. Bernardi; Q. Berthet; S. Bertoni; C. Bertulani; M. I. Besana; A. Besson; M. Bettelini; S. Bettoni; S. Beuvier; P. C. Bhat; S. Bhattacharya; J. Bhom; M. E. Biagini; A. Bibet-Chevalier; M. Bicrel; M. Biglietti; G. M. Bilei; B. Bilki; K. Bisgaard Christensen; T. Biswas; F. Blanc; F. Blekman; A. Blondel; J. Blümlein; D. Boccanfuso; A. Bogomyagkov; P. Boillon; P. Boivin; M. J. Boland; S. Bologna; O. Bolukbasi; R. Bonnet; J. Borburgh; F. Bordry; P. Borges de Sousa; G. Borghello; L. Borriello; D. Bortoletto; M. Boscolo; L. Bottura; G. Boudoul; V. Boudry; R. Boughezal; D. Bourilkov; M. Boyd; D. Boye; G. Bozzi; V. Braccini; C. Bracco; B. Bradu; A. Braghieri; S. Braibant; J. Bramante; G. C. Branco; R. Brenner; N. Brisa; D. Britzger; G. Broggi; L. Bromiley; E. Brost; Q. Bruant; R. Bruce; E. Bründermann; L. Brunetti; O. Brüning; O. Brunner; X. Buffat; E. Bulyak; A. Burdyko; H. Burkhardt; P. N. Burrows; S. Busatto; S. Buschaert; D. Buttazzo; A. Butterworth; D. Butti; G. Cacciapaglia; Y. Cai; B. Caiffi; V. Cairo; O. Cakir; P. Calafiura; R. Calaga; S. Calatroni; D. G. Caldwell; A. Çalışkan; C. Calpini; M. Calviani; E. Camacho-Pérez; P. Camarri; L. Caminada; M. Campajola; A. C. Canbay; K. Canderan; S. Candido; F. Canelli; A. Canepa; S. Cantarella; K. B. Cantún-Avila; L. Capriotti; A. Caram; A. Carbone; J. M. Carceller; G. Carini; F. Carlier; C. M. Carloni Calame; F. Carra; C. Cartannaz; S. Casenove; G. Catalano; V. Cavaliere; C. Cazzaniga; C. Cecchi; F. G. Celiberto; M. Cepeda; F. Cerutti; F. Cetorelli; G. Chachamis; Y. Chae; F. Chagnet; I. Chaikovska; M. Chalhoub; M. Chamizo-Llatas; M. Champagne; H. Chanal; G. Chapelier; P. Charitos; C. Charles; T. K. Charles; C. Charlot; S. Chatterjee; A. Chaudhuri; R. Chehab; S. V. Chekanov; H. Chen; T. Chesne; F. Chiapponi; G. Chiarello; M. Chiesa; P. Chiggiato; P. Chomaz; M. Chorowski; J. P. Chou; M. Chrzaszcz; W. Chung; S. Ciarlantini; A. Ciarma; D. Cieri; A. K. Ciftci; R. Ciftci; R. Cimino; F. Cirotto; M. Ciuchini; M. Cobal; A. Coccaro; R. Coelho Lopes De Sa; J. A. Coleman-Smith; F. Collamati; C. Colldelram; P. Collier; P. Collins; J. Collot; M. Colmenero; L. Colnot; G. Coloretti; D. Contardo; E. Conte; F. A. Conventi; A. Cook; L. Cooley; A. S. Cornell; C. Cornella; G. Cornette; I. Corredoira; P. Costa Pinto; F. Couderc; J. Coupard; S. Coussy; G. Crawford; R. Crescenzi; I. Crespo Garrido; T. Critchley; A. Crivellin; T. Croci; C. Cudré; G. Cummings; F. Cuna; R. Cunningham; B. Curé; E. Curtis; M. D’Alfonso; L. D’Aloia Schwartzentruber; G. D’Amen; B. D’Anzi; A. D’Avanzo; D. d’Enterria; A. D’Onofrio; M. D’Onofrio; M. Da Col; M. Da Rocha Rolo; C. Dachauer; B. Dağli; A. Dainese; B. Dalena; W. Dallapiazza; M. Dam; H. Damerau; V. Dao; A. Das; M. S. Daugaard; S. Dauphin; A. David; T. Davídek; G. J. Davies; J. Davighi; S. Dawson; J. de Blas; A. de Cosa; S. De Curtis; N. De Filippis; E. De Lucia; R. De Maria; E. De Matteis; A. De Roeck; A. De Santis; A. De Vita; A. Deandrea; C. J. Debono; M. Deeb; M. M. Defranchis; J. Degens; S. Deghaye; V. Del Duca; C. L. Del Pio; A. Del Vecchio; D. Delikaris; A. Dell’Acqua; M. Della Pietra; M. Delmastro; L. Delprat; E. Delugas; Z. Demiragli; L. Deniau; D. Denisov; H. Denizli; A. Denner; A. Denot; G. Deptuch; A. Desai; H. Deveci; A. Di Canto; A. Di Ciaccio; L. Di Ciaccio; D. Di Croce; C. Di Fraia; B. Di Micco; R. Di Nardo; T. B. Dingley; F. Djama; F. Djurabekova; D. Dockery; S. Doebert; D. Domange; M. Donegà; U. Dosselli; H. A. Dostmann; J. A. Dragovich; I. Drebot; M. Drewes; T. A. du Pree; Z. Duan; C. Duarte-Galvan; O. Duboc; I. Dubovyk; M. Duda; P. Duda; H. Duran Yildiz; H. Durand; P. Durand; G. Durieux; Y. Dutheil; I. Dutta; J. S. Dutta; S. Dutta; F. Duval; F. Eder; M. Eisterer; Z. El Bitar; A. El Saied; M. Elisei; J. Ellis; W. Elmetenawee; J. Elmsheuser; V. Daniel Elvira; S. C. Eno; Y. Enomoto; B. A. Erdelyi; O. E. Eruteya; M. Escobar; O. Etisken; I. Eymard; J. Eysermans; D. Falchieri; C. Falkenberg; F. Fallavollita; A. Afalou; J. Faltova; J. Fanini; L. Fanò; K. Fanti; R. Farinelli; M. Farino; S. Farinon; H. Fatehi; J. Fatterbert; A. Faure; A. Faus-Golfe; G. Favia; L. Favilla; W. J. Fawcett; A. Federowicz; L. Feligioni; L. Felsberger; Y. Feng; A. Fernández Téllez; R. Ferrari; L. Ferreira; F. Ferro; M. Fiascaris; C. Fiorio; S. A. Fleury; L. Florez; M. Florio; A. Fondacci; B. Fontimpe; K. Foraz; R. Fortunati; M. Fouaidy; A. Foussat; A. Fowler; J. D. Fox; M. Francesconi; B. Francois; R. Franqueira Ximenes; F. Fransesini; A. Frasca; A. Freitas; J. A. Frost; K. Furukawa; A. Gabrielli; A. Gaddi; F. Gaede; A. Gallén; R. Galler; E. Gallice; E. Gallo; H. Gamper; G. Ganis; S. Ganjour; S. Gao; A. Garand; C. Garaus; D. Garcia; R. García Alía; R. García Gil; C. M. Garcia Jaimes; H. Garcia Rodrigues; C. Garion; M. Garlaschè; D. Garnier; M. V. Garzelli; S. Gascon-Shotkin; M. Gasior; G. Gaudino; G. Gaudio; V. Gaur; K. Gautam; V. Gawas; T. Gehrmann; A. Gehrmann-De Ridder; K. Geiger; M. Genco; F. Gerigk; H. Gerwig; A. Ghribi; P. Giacomelli; S. Giagu; E. Gianfelice; S. Giappichini; D. Gibellieri; F. Giffoni; G. Gil da Silveira; S. S. Gilardoni; M. Giovannetti; T. Girardet; S. Girod; P. Giubellino; P. Giubilato; F. Giuli; M. Giuliani; E. L. Gkougkousis; S. Glukhov; J. Gluza; B. Goddard; C. Goffing; D. Goldsworthy; T. Golling; R. Gonçalo; V. P. Gonçalves; T. Gonçalves Da Silva; J. Gonski; R. Gonzalez Suarez; S. Gorgi Zadeh; S. Gori; E. Gorini; L. Gouskos; M. Gouzevitch; E. Granados; F. Grancagnolo; S. Grancagnolo; A. Grassellino; A. Grau; E. Graverini; F. G. Gravili; H. M. Gray; M. Grazzini; Mario Greco; Michela Greco; A. Greljo; J.-L. Grenard; A. V. Gritsan; R. Gröber; A. Grudiev; E. Gschwendtner; J. Gu; D. Guadagnoli; G. Guerrieri; A. Guiavarch; G. Guillermo Canton; M. Guinchard; Y. O. Günaydin; K. Gurcel; L. X. Gutierrez Guerrero; D. Gutiérrez Rueda; A. Gutiérrez-Rodríguez; V. Guzey; C. Haber; T. Hacheney; B. Hacışahinoğlu; K. Hahn; J. Hajer; T. Hakulinen; J. C. Hammersley; M. Hance; J. B. Hansen; B. Härer; E. Hauzinger; M. Haviernik; B. Hegner; C. Helsens; Ana Henriques; C. Hernalsteens; H. Hernández-Arellano; R. J. Hernández-Pinto; M. A. Hernández-Ruíz; J. Hernández-Sánchez; J. W. Heron; L. M. Herrmann; R. Hirosky; J. F. Hirschauer; J. D. Hobbs; K. Hock; S. Höche; M. Hofer; G. Hoffstaetter; W. Höfle; M. Hohlmann; F. Holdener; B. Holzer; C. G. Honorato; H. Hoorani; A. Houver; E. Howling; X. Huang; F. Hug; B. Humann; P. Hunchak; Y. Husein; A. Hussain; G. Iadarola; G. Iakovidis; G. Iaselli; P. Iengo; A. Ilg; M. Iodice; A. O. M. Iorio; V. Ippolito; U. Iriso; J. Isaacson; G. Isidori; R. Islam; A. Istepanyan; S. Izquierdo Bermudez; V. Izzo; P. D. Jackson; R. Jafari; S. S. Jagabathuni; S. Jana; C. Järmyr Eriksson; P. Jausserand; M. Jensen; J. M. Jimenez; F. R. Joaquim; O. R. Jones; J. Joos; E. Jourd’huy; E. Jourdan; J. M. Jowett; A. Jueid; A. W. Jung; M. Kagan; I. Kahraman; V. Kain; J. Kalinowski; J. F. Kamenik; A. Kanso; T. Kar; S. O. Kara; H. Karadeniz; B. Karmakar; S. R. Karmarkar; V. Karpati; I. Karpov; M. Karppinen; P. Karst; S. Kartal; V. V. Kashikhin; U. Kaya; A. Kehagias; J. Keintzel; M. Kennouche; M. Kenzie; M. Kerréveur-Lavaud; R. Kersevan; V. Keus; H. Khanpour; V. V. Khoze; V. A. Khoze; P. Kicsiny; R. Kieffer; C. Kiel; J. Kieseler; A. Kilic; B. Kilminster; S. Kim; Z. Kırca; M. Klein; A. Klimentov; M. Klute; V. Klyukhin; M. Knecht; B. Kniehl; P. Ko; S. Ko; F. Kocak; T. Koffas; C. Kokkinos; K. Kołodziej; K. Kong; P. Kontaxakis; I. A. Koop; P. Kopciewicz; P. Koppenburg; M. Koratzinos; K. Kordas; A. Korsun; O. Kortner; S. Kortner; B. Korzh; T. Koseki; J. Kosse; P. Kostka; S. Kostoglou; A. V. Kotwal; G. Kozlov; I. Kozsar; T. Kramer; P. Krkotić; H. Kroha; K. Kröninger; S. Kuday; G. Kuhlmann; O. Kuhlmann; M. Kuhn; A. Kulesza; M. Kumar; F. Kurian; A. Kurtulus; T. H. Kwok; S. La Mendola; M. Lackner; T. Ładziński; D. Lafarge; P. Laïdouni; G. Lamanna; N. Lamas; G. Landsberg; C. Lange; D. J. Lange; A. Langner; A. J. Lankford; L. Lari; M. S. Larson; K. Lasocha; A. Latina; S. Lauciani; M. Laufenberg; G. Lavezzari; L. Lavezzi; L. Lavezzo; M. Le Garrec; A. Le Jeune; P. Lebrun; Y. Léchevin; A. Lechner; E. Lecointe; J. S. H. Lee; S. W. Lee; S. J. Lee; T. Lefevre; C. Leggett; T. Lehtinen; S. Leone; C. Leonidopoulos; S. Leontsinis; G. Leprince-Maillère; G. Lerner; O. Leroy; T. Lesiak; P. Levai; A. Leveratto; R. Levi; A. Li; S. Li; D. Liberati; G. L. Lichtenstein; M. Liepe; Z. Ligeti; H. Lin; S. Linda; E. Lipeles; Z. Liu; S. M. Liuzzo; T. Loeliger; A. Loeschcke Centeno; A. Lorenzetti; C. Lorin; R. Losito; M. Louka; M. L. Loureiro García; I. Low; K. Lubonis; M. T. Lucchini; V. Lukashenko; G. Luminati; A. J. G. Lunt; A. Lusiani; M. Luzum; H. Ma; A. Maas; E. Macchia; A. Macchiolo; G. E. Machinet; R. Madar; T. Madlener; C. Madrid; A. Magalotti; M. Maggiora; A.-M. Magnan; M. A. Mahmoud; Y. Mahmoud; F. Mahmoudi; H. Mainaud Durand; J. Maitre; Y. Makhloufi; B. Malaescu; A. Malagoli; C. H. Malan; M. Malekhosseini; A. Maloizel; S. Malvezzi; A. Malzac; G. Manco; L. S. Mandacarú Guerra; P. Manfrinetti; E. Manoni; J. Mans; L. Mantani; S. Manzoni; L. Marafatto; C. Marcel; T. Marcel; R. Marchevski; G. Marchiori; F. Mariani; V. Mariani; S. Marin; C. Marinas; V. Marinozzi; S. Mariotto; C. Marquis; J. Martelain; G. Martelli; A. Martens; I. Martin-Melero; V. I. Martinez Outschoorn; F. Martinez; C. M. Jardim; L. Marzola; S. Masciocchi; A. Mashal; A. Masi; I. Masina; P. Mastrapasqua; V. Mateu; S. Mattiazzo; M. Maugis; V. Maura; D. Mauree; G. H. I. Maury-Cuna; A. Mayoux; E. Mazzeo; S. Mazzoni; M. McCullough; M. Meena; E. Meftah; Andrew Mehta; Ankita Mehta; B. Mele; R. Mena-Andrade; M. Mentink; D. Mergelkuhl; V. Mertinger; L. Mether; S. Meylan; T. Michel; T. Michlmayr; M. Migliorati; A. Milanese; C. Milardi; G. Milhano; M. Minty; C. Mirabelli; T. Miralles; L. Miralles Verge; D. Mirarchi; K. Mirbaghestan; N. Mirian; V. A. Mitsou; D. S. Mitzel; M. Mlynarikova; S. Möbius; M. Mohammadi Najafabadi; G. B. Mohanty; R. N. Mohapatra; S. Moneta; P. F. Monni; E. Monnier; S. Monteil; I. León Monzón; F. Moortgat; N. Morange; M. Moretti; S. Moretti; T. Mori; I. Morozov; A. Morozzi; M. Morrone; A. Moscariello; F. Moscatelli; I. Moulin; N. Mounet; A. Mueller; A.-S. Müller; B. O. Müller; J. Mundet; E. Musa; V. Musat; R. Musenich; E. Musumeci; M. Mylona; V. V. Mytrochenko; B. Nachman; S. Nagaitsev; T. Nakamoto; M. Napsuciale; M. Nardecchia; G. Nardini; G. Narváez-Arango; S. Naseem; A. Natochii; A. Navascues Cornago; B. Naydenov; G. Nergiz; A. V. Nesterenko; C. Neubüser; H. B. Newman; F. Niccoli; O. Nicrosini; U. Niedermayer; G. Niehues; J. Nielsen; G. Nigrelli; S. Nikitin; I. B. Nikolaev; A. Nisati; N. Nitika; J. M. No; M. Nonis; Y. Nosochkov; A. Novokhatski; J. M. O’Callaghan; S. A. Ochoa-Oregon; K. Ohmi; K. Oide; V. A. Okorokov; C. Oleari; D. Oliveira Damazio; Y. Onel; A. Onofre; P. Osland; Y. M. Oviedo-Torres; A. Ozansoy; F. Ozaydin; K. Ozdemir; A. Ozturk; M. A. Pérez de León; S. Pacetti; H. Pacey; J. Paciello; C. E. Pagliarone; A. Paillex; H. F. Pais da Silva; F. Palla; A. Pampaloni; C. Pancotti; M. Pandurović; O. Panella; G. Panizzo; C. Pantouvakis; L. Panwar; P. Paolucci; Y. Papa; A. Papaefstathiou; Y. Papaphilippou; A. Paramonov; A. Pareti; B. Parker; V. Parma; F. Parodi; M. Parodi; B. Paroli; J. A. Parsons; D. Passarelli; D. Passeri; B. Pattnaik; A. Patwa; C. Paus; F. Pauss; F. Peauger; I. Pedraza; R. Pedro; J. Pekkanen; G. Peon; A. Perez; E. Perez; F. Pérez; J. C. Perez; J. M. Pérez; R. Perez-Ramos; G. Pérez Segurana; A. Perillo Marcone; S. Perna; K. Peters; S. Petracca; A. R. Petri; F. Petriello; A. Petrovic; L. Pezzotti; G. Piacquadio; G. Piazza; A. Piccini; F. Piccinini; A. Pich; T. Pieloni; J. Pierlot; A. D. Pilkington; M. Pillet; M. Pinamonti; N. Pinto; L. Pintucci; F. Pinzauti; K. Piotrzkowski; C. Pira; M. Pitt; R. Pittau; S. Pittet; P. Placidi; W. Płaczek; S. Plätzer; M.-A. Pleier; E. Ploerer; H. Podlech; F. Poirier; G. Polesello; M. Poli Lener; J. Polinski; Z. Polonsky; N. Pompeo; M. Pont; G. Alexandru-Popeneciu; W. Porod; L. Porta; L. Portales; T. Portaluri; M. A. C. Potenza; C. Prasse; E. Premat; M. Presilla; S. Prestemon; A. Price; M. Primavera; R. Principe; M. Prioli; F. M. Procacci; E. Proserpio; A. Provino; C. Pueyo; T. Puig; N. Pukhaeva; S. Pulawski; G. Punzi; A. Pyarelal; J. Qian; H. Quack; F. S. Queiroz; G. Quintas-Neves; H. Rafique; J.-Y. Raguin; J. Raidal; M. Raidal; P. Raimondi; A. Rajabi; S. Ramírez-Uribe; S. Randles; T. Rao; C. Ø. Rasmussen; A. Ratkus; P. N. Ratoff; P. Razis; P. Rebello Teles; M. N. Rebelo; M. Reboud; S. Redaelli; C. Regazzoni; L. Reichenbach; M. Reissig; E. Renou; A. Rentería-Olivo; J. Reuter; S. Rey; A. Ribon; D. Ricci; W. Riegler; M. Rignanese; S. Rimjaem; R. A. Rimmer; R. Rinaldesi; L. Rinolfi; O. Rios; G. Ripellino; B. Rivas; A. Rivetti; T. Robens; F. Robert; E. Robutti; C. Roderick; G. Rodrigo; M. Rodríguez-Cahuantzi; L. Röhrig; M. Roig; F. Rojat; J. Rojo; J. Roloff; P. Roloff; A. Romanenko; A. Romero Francia; H. Romeyer; N. Rompotis; N. Rongieras; G. Rosaz; K. Roslon; M. Rossetti Conti; A. Rossi; E. Rossi; L. Rossi; A. N. Rossia; S. Rostami; G. Roy; B. Rubik; I. Ruehl; A. Ruiz-Jimeno; R. Ruprecht; J. P. Rutherfoord; L. Rygaard; M. S. Ryu; L. Sabato; G. Sadowski; D. Saez de Jauregui; M. Sahin; A. Sailer; M. Saito; P. Saiz; G. P. Salam; R. Salerno; T. Salmi; B. Salvachua; J. P. T. Salvesen; B. Salvi; D. Sampsonidis; Y. Villamizar; C. Sandoval; S. Sanfilippo; E. Santopinto; R. Santoro; X. Sarasola; L. Sarperi; I. H. Sarpün; S. Sasikumar; M. Sauvain; A. Savoy-Navarro; R. Sawada; G. Sborlini; J. Scamardella; M. Schaer; M. Schaumann; M. Schenk; C. Scheuerlein; C. Schiavi; A. Schloegelhofer; D. Schoerling; A. Schöning; S. Schramm; D. Schulte; P. Schwaller; A. Schwartzman; P. Schwemling; R. Schwienhorst; A. Sciandra; L. Scibile; I. Scimemi; E. Scomparin; C. Sebastiani; B. Seeber; J. T. Seeman; F. Sefkow; M. Seidel; S. Seidel; J. Seixas; N. Selimović; M. Selvaggi; C. Senatore; A. Senol; N. Serra; A. Seryi; A. Sfyrla; Pramond Sharma; Punit Sharma; C. J. Sharp; L. Shchutska; V. Shiltsev; M. Siano; R. Sierra; E. Silva; R. C. Silva; L. Silvestrini; F. Simon; G. Simonetti; R. Simoniello; B. K. Singh; S. Singh; B. Singhal; A. Siodmok; Y. Sirois; E. Sirtori; B. Sitar; D. Sittard; E. Sitti; T. Sjöstrand; P. Skands; L. Skinnari; K. Skoufaris; K. Skovpen; M. Skrzypek; P. Slavich; V. Slokenbergs; V. Smaluk; J. Smiesko; S. S. Snyder; E. Solano; P. Sollander; O. V. Solovyanov; M. Son; F. Sonnemann; R. Soos; F. Sopkova; T. Sorais; M. Sorbi; S. Sorti; R. Soualah; M. Souayah; L. Spallino; S. Spanier; P. Spiller; M. Spira; D. Stagnara; M. Stallmann; D. Standen; J. L. Stanyard; B. Stapf; G. H. Stark; M. Statera; C. Staudinger; B. A. Stefanek; G. Streicher; N. P. Strohmaier; R. Stroynowski; S. Stucci; G. Stupakov; S. Su; A. Sublet; K. Sugita; M. K. Sullivan; S. Sultansoy; D. Sutherland; I. Syratchev; R. Szafron; A. Sznajder; W. Tachon; N. D. Tagdulang; N. A. Tahir; Y. Takahashi; J. Tamazirt; S. Tang; Y. Tanimoto; I. Tapan; G. F. Tassielli; A. M. Teixeira; V. I. Telnov; H. H. J. Ten Kate; V. Teotia; J. ter Hoeve; A. Thabuis; G. T. Telles; A. Tishelman-Charny; S. Tissandier; S. Tizchang; J.-P. Tock; B. Todd; L. Toffolin; A. Tolosa-Delgado; R. Tomás García; T. Tomasini; G. Tonelli; T. Tong; F. Toral; T. Torims; L. Torino; K. Torokhtii; R. Torre; E. Torrence; R. Torres; T. Mitsuhashi; A. Tracogna; O. Traver; D. Treille; A. Tricoli; P. Trubacova; E. Tsesmelis; G. Tsipolitis; V. Tsulaia; B. Tuchming; C. G. Tully; I. Turk Cakir; C. Turrioni; J. Tynan; F. P. Ucci; S. Udongwo; C. S. Ün; A. Unnervik; A. Upegui; J. P. Uribe-Ramírez; J. Uythoven; R. Vaglio; F. Valchkova-Georgieva; P. Valente; R. U. Valente; A.-M. Valente-Feliciano; G. Valentino; C. A. Valerio-Lizarraga; S. Valette; J. W. F. Valle; L. Valle; N. Valle; N. Vallis; G. Vallone; P. van Gemmeren; W. Van Goethem; P. van Hees; U. van Rienen; L. van Riesen-Haupt; P. Van Trappen; M. Vande Voorde; A. L. Vanel; E. W. Varnes; J.-L. Vay; F. Veit; I. Veliscek; R. Veness; A. Ventura; S. Verdú-Andrés; M. Verducci; C. B. Verhaaren; C. Vernieri; A. P. Verweij; J.-F. Vian; A. Vicini; N. Vignaroli; S. Vignetti; M. C. Villeneuve; I. Vivarelli; E. Voevodina; D. M. Vogt; B. Voirin; S. Voiriot; J. Voiron; P. Vojtyla; V. Völkl; L. von Freeden; Z. Vostrel; N. Voumard; E. Vryonidou; V. Vysotsky; R. Wallny; L.-T. Wang; Y. Wang; R. Wanzenberg; B. F. L. Ward; N. Wardle; Z. Wa̧s; L. Watrelot; A. T. Watson; M. F. Watson; M. S. Weber; C. P. Welsch; M. Wendt; J. Wenninger; B. Weyer; G. White; S. White; B. Wicki; M. Widorski; U. A. Wiedemann; A. R. Wiederhold; A. Wiedl; H.-U. Wienands; A. Wieser; C. Wiesner; H. Wilkens; D. Willi; P. H. Williams; S. L. Williams; A. Winter; R. B. Wittwer; D. Wollmann; Y. Wu; Z. Wu; J. Xiao; K. Xie; S. Xie; M. Yalvac; F. Yaman; W.-M. Yao; M. Yeresko; A. Yilmaz; H. D. Yoo; T. You; F. Yu; S. S. Yu; T.-T. Yu; S. Yue; A. Zaborowska; M. Zahnd; C. Zamantzas; G. Zanderighi; C. Zannini; R. Zanzottera; P. Zaro; R. Zennaro; M. Zerlauth; H. Zhang; J. Zhang; Y. Zhang; Z. Zhang; Y. Zhao; Y.-M. Zhong; B. Zhou; D. Zhou; J. Zhu; G. Zick; M. A. Zielinski; E. Zimmermann; A. Zingaretti; J. Zinn-Justin; A. V. Zlobin; M. Zobov; F. Zomer; S. Zorzetti; X. Zuo; J. Zurita; V. V. Zutshi; M. Zykova

doi:10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01967-4

2024 Impact factor 2.3

Special Topics

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top.
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01967-4

Review

Volume 2 Accelerators, technical infrastructure and safety

M. Benedikt¹, F. Zimmermann¹, B. Auchmann¹^,2, W. Bartmann¹, J. P. Burnet¹, C. Carli¹, A. Chancé³, P. Craievich², M. Giovannozzi¹, C. Grojean⁴^,5, J. Gutleber¹, K. Hanke¹, A. Henriques¹, P. Janot¹, C. Lourenço¹, M. Mangano¹, T. Otto¹, J. Poole¹, S. Rajagopalan⁶, T. Raubenheimer⁷, E. Todesco¹, L. Ulrici¹, T. Watson¹, G. Wilkinson¹^,8, A. Abada⁹^,10^,11, M. Abbrescia¹²^,13, H. Abdolmaleki¹⁴^,15, S. H. Abidi⁶, A. Abramov¹, C. Adam⁹^,16^,17, M. Ady¹, P. R. Adz̆ić¹⁸, I. Agapov⁴, D. Aguglia¹, I. Ahmed¹⁹, M. Aiba², G. Aielli²⁰^,21, T. Akan²², N. Akchurin²³, D. Akturk²⁴, M. Al-Thakeel¹^,25^,26, G. L. Alberghi²⁵, J. Alcaraz Maestre²⁷, M. Aleksa¹, R. Aleksan³, F. Alharthi⁹^,10^,28, J. Alimena⁴, A. Alimenti²⁹, S. Alioli³⁰^,31, L. Alix¹^,9^,16, B. C. Allanach³², L. Allwicher⁴, A. A. Altintas³³, M. Altınlı³³^,34, M. Alviggi³⁵^,36, G. Ambrosio³⁷, Y. Amhis⁹^,10^,11, A. Amiri³⁸^,39, G. Ammirabile⁴⁰, T. Andeen⁴¹, K. D. J. André¹, J. Andrea⁹^,42^,43, A. Andreazza⁴⁴^,45, M. Andreini¹, T. Andriollo⁴⁶, L. 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Bellegarde¹, E. Belli¹^,90, E. Bellingeri⁹¹, S. Belomestnykh³⁷, A. D. Benaglia³⁰, G. Bencivenni⁴⁸, J. Bendavid¹, M. Benmergui⁹², M. Benoit⁹³, D. Benvenuti¹^,40, T. Bergauer⁹⁴, N. Bernachot⁹⁵, G. Bernardi⁹^,96^,97, J. Bernardi⁹⁸, Q. Berthet⁹⁹^,100^,101, S. Bertoni¹⁰², C. Bertulani¹⁰³, M. I. Besana², A. Besson⁹^,42^,43, M. Bettelini¹⁰⁴, S. Bettoni², S. Beuvier¹⁰⁵, P. C. Bhat³⁷, S. Bhattacharya¹⁰⁶, J. Bhom¹⁰⁷, M. E. Biagini⁴⁸, A. Bibet-Chevalier¹⁰⁸, M. Bicrel¹⁰⁹, M. Biglietti¹¹⁰, G. M. Bilei⁶³, B. Bilki¹¹¹^,112, K. Bisgaard Christensen¹, T. Biswas¹¹³, F. Blanc¹¹⁴, F. Blekman⁴^,115^,116, A. Blondel⁹^,101^,117, J. Blümlein⁴, D. Boccanfuso³⁵^,118, A. Bogomyagkov¹¹⁹, P. Boillon¹⁰⁸, P. Boivin¹⁰⁰, M. J. Boland¹²⁰, S. Bologna¹²¹, O. Bolukbasi³³, R. Bonnet¹⁰², J. Borburgh¹, F. Bordry¹, P. Borges de Sousa¹, G. Borghello¹, L. Borriello³⁵, D. Bortoletto⁸, M. Boscolo⁴⁸, L. Bottura¹, G. Boudoul⁹^,56^,57, V. Boudry⁹^,81^,82, R. Boughezal¹²², D. Bourilkov¹²³, M. Boyd⁸³^,124, D. Boye⁶, G. Bozzi¹²⁵^,126, V. Braccini⁹¹, C. Bracco¹, B. Bradu¹, A. Braghieri¹²⁷, S. Braibant²⁵^,26, J. Bramante¹²⁸, G. C. Branco¹²⁹, R. Brenner¹³⁰, N. Brisa¹⁰², D. Britzger¹³¹, G. Broggi¹^,90, L. Bromiley¹, E. Brost⁶, Q. Bruant³, R. Bruce¹, E. Bründermann¹³², L. Brunetti⁹^,16^,17, O. Brüning¹, O. Brunner¹, X. Buffat¹, E. Bulyak¹³³, A. Burdyko⁴⁴^,134, H. Burkhardt¹^,135, P. N. Burrows¹³⁶, S. Busatto⁴⁴^,90, S. Buschaert⁸⁶, D. Buttazzo⁴⁰, A. Butterworth¹, D. Butti¹, G. Cacciapaglia¹³⁷^,138^,139, Y. Cai⁷, B. Caiffi¹⁴⁰, V. Cairo¹, O. Cakir⁵⁸, P. Calafiura¹⁴¹, R. Calaga¹, S. Calatroni¹, D. G. Caldwell¹⁴², A. Çalışkan¹⁴³, C. Calpini¹⁴⁴, M. Calviani¹, E. Camacho-Pérez¹⁴⁵, P. Camarri²⁰^,21, L. Caminada²^,73, M. Campajola³⁵^,36, A. C. Canbay⁵⁸, K. Canderan¹, S. Candido¹, F. Canelli⁷³, A. Canepa³⁷, S. Cantarella⁴⁸, K. B. Cantún-Avila¹⁴⁵, L. Capriotti¹⁴⁶^,147, A. Caram¹⁴⁸, A. Carbone⁴⁴, J. M. Carceller¹, G. Carini⁶, F. Carlier¹, C. M. Carloni Calame¹²⁷, F. Carra¹, C. Cartannaz⁸⁶, S. Casenove¹, G. 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Tagdulang³⁷^,171^,337, N. A. Tahir²⁵⁹, Y. Takahashi¹²³, J. Tamazirt⁹^,10^,11, S. Tang⁶, Y. Tanimoto²¹², I. Tapan²⁷⁵, G. F. Tassielli¹²^,406, A. M. Teixeira⁹^,154^,155, V. I. Telnov¹¹⁹, H. H. J. Ten Kate¹^,407, V. Teotia⁶, J. ter Hoeve²⁹⁹, A. Thabuis¹, G. T. Telles¹⁹, A. Tishelman-Charny⁶, S. Tissandier¹⁰⁸, S. Tizchang¹⁴^,408, J.-P. Tock¹, B. Todd¹, L. Toffolin¹^,167^,409, A. Tolosa-Delgado¹, R. Tomás García¹, T. Tomasini⁴¹⁰, G. Tonelli⁴⁰^,77, T. Tong⁴¹¹, F. Toral²⁷, T. Torims¹^,363, L. Torino¹⁷¹, K. Torokhtii²⁹, R. Torre¹⁴⁰, E. Torrence⁴¹², R. Torres⁵³^,185, T. Mitsuhashi²¹², A. Tracogna¹⁴⁹, O. Traver¹⁷¹, D. Treille¹, A. Tricoli⁶, P. Trubacova¹, E. Tsesmelis¹, G. Tsipolitis²⁶⁹, V. Tsulaia¹⁴¹, B. Tuchming³, C. G. Tully¹⁶³, I. Turk Cakir⁵⁸, C. Turrioni⁶³, J. Tynan¹⁰⁵, F. P. Ucci¹²⁷^,351, S. Udongwo⁴¹³, C. S. Ün²⁷⁵, A. Unnervik¹, A. Upegui⁹⁹^,100, J. P. Uribe-Ramírez²⁰⁴, J. Uythoven¹, R. Vaglio³⁶^,91, F. Valchkova-Georgieva⁴¹⁴, P. Valente¹⁷⁰, R. U. Valente¹⁷⁰, A.-M. 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¹ CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
² PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
³ CEA/Irfu, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de recherche sur les lois fondamentales de l’Univers, Saclay, France
⁴ DESY, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
⁵ Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
⁶ BNL, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
⁷ SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
⁸ University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
⁹ CNRS/IN2P3, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules, Paris, France
¹⁰ IJCLab, Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot Curie, Orsay, France
¹¹ Université Paris-Saclay et Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
¹² INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
¹³ Università di Bari, Bari, Italy
¹⁴ IPM, Institute for Research in Fundamental Science, Tehran, Iran
¹⁵ Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
¹⁶ LAPP, Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules, Annecy, France
¹⁷ Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Annecy, France
¹⁸ University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
¹⁹ ICMAB/CISC, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
²⁰ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
²¹ Università Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
²² Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi, Yozgat, Türkiye
²³ Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
²⁴ TOBB ETU, TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye
²⁵ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
²⁶ Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
²⁷ CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid, Spain
²⁸ KACST, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
²⁹ Università Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
³⁰ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
³¹ Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
³² University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
³³ İstanbul Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Türkiye
³⁴ Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi, Eskişehir, Türkiye
³⁵ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy
³⁶ Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
³⁷ FNAL, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA
³⁸ University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
³⁹ FUM, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
⁴⁰ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
⁴¹ University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA
⁴² IPHC, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
⁴³ Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
⁴⁴ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy
⁴⁵ Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
⁴⁶ PIBG, Pôle Invertébrés du Basin Genevois, Geneva, Switzerland
⁴⁷ UFRN, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
⁴⁸ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
⁴⁹ UNIBAS, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
⁵⁰ Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
⁵¹ LIP, Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, Lisbon, Portugal
⁵² University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
⁵³ CI, Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, UK
⁵⁴ Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
⁵⁵ A. Alikhanyan National Laboratory, Yerevan, Armenia
⁵⁶ IP2I, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, Lyon, France
⁵⁷ Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
⁵⁸ Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye
⁵⁹ Lund University, Lund, Sweden
⁶⁰ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
⁶¹ New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
⁶² Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
⁶³ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
⁶⁴ Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
⁶⁵ Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
⁶⁶ Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Hatay, Türkiye
⁶⁷ Doğuş Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Türkiye
⁶⁸ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy
⁶⁹ Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
⁷⁰ University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
⁷¹ RAL, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, UK
⁷² IMSc, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai, India
⁷³ Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
⁷⁴ University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
⁷⁵ CPPM, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Marseille, France
⁷⁶ Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
⁷⁷ Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
⁷⁸ HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
⁷⁹ Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
⁸⁰ Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
⁸¹ LLR, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Palaiseau, France
⁸² École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
⁸³ TRIUMF, Canada’s National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
⁸⁴ Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
⁸⁵ FEEM, Fondazione Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI) Enrico Mattei, Milan, Italy
⁸⁶ BRGM, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Orléans, France
⁸⁷ Işık Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Türkiye
⁸⁸ İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Türkiye
⁸⁹ UNIBE, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
⁹⁰ Università di Roma la Sapienza, Rome, Italy
⁹¹ CNR-SPIN, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genoa, Italy
⁹² Expert naturaliste et entomologiste, Rumilly, France
⁹³ ORNL, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
⁹⁴ HEPHY, Institut für Hochenergiephysik, Vienna, Austria
⁹⁵ Geos, Bureau d’ingénieurs conseils en géotechnique, génie civil, hydraulique et environnement, Geneva, Switzerland
⁹⁶ APC, Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France
⁹⁷ Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
⁹⁸ TUWIEN, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
⁹⁹ HEPIA, Haute École du Paysage, d’Ingénierie et d’Architecture de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
¹⁰⁰ HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
¹⁰¹ UNIGE, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
¹⁰² SETEC ALS, Société d’ingénierie conseil en infrastructures de transport, génie civil et environnement, Lyon, France
¹⁰³ East Texas A&M University, Commerce, TX, USA
¹⁰⁴ Amberg Engineering Ltd, Regensdorf-Watt, Switzerland
¹⁰⁵ ECOTEC Environnement SA, Bureau d’études et de conseil en environnement, Geneva, Switzerland
¹⁰⁶ Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
¹⁰⁷ IFJ PAN, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
¹⁰⁸ Cerema, établissement public pour l’élaboration, le déploiement et l’évaluation de politiques publiques d’aménagement et de transport, Lyon, France
¹⁰⁹ Rendel Ltd, Engineering design consultancy firm, London, UK
¹¹⁰ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
¹¹¹ İstanbul Beykent Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Türkiye
¹¹² University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
¹¹³ Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
¹¹⁴ EPFL, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
¹¹⁵ Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
¹¹⁶ VUB, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
¹¹⁷ LPNHE, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies, Paris, France
¹¹⁸ Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Naples, Italy
¹¹⁹ CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
¹²⁰ University of Saskatchewan and the Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Canada
¹²¹ University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
¹²² Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
¹²³ University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
¹²⁴ York University, Toronto, Canada
¹²⁵ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
¹²⁶ Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
¹²⁷ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
¹²⁸ Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
¹²⁹ CFTP-IST, Centro de Física Téorica de Partículas, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
¹³⁰ Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
¹³¹ MPP, Max-Planck-Institut für Physik Garching, Garching, Germany
¹³² KIT, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany
¹³³ NSC KIPT, National Science Center Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkiv, Ukraine
¹³⁴ Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Como, Italy
¹³⁵ Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
¹³⁶ JAI, John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
¹³⁷ CNRS/INP, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Physique, Paris, France
¹³⁸ LPTHE, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies, Paris, France
¹³⁹ Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
¹⁴⁰ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova, Genoa, Italy
¹⁴¹ LBNL, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
¹⁴² IIT, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
¹⁴³ Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Gümüşhane, Türkiye
¹⁴⁴ WSP Ingénieurs Conseils SA, Geneva, Switzerland
¹⁴⁵ UADY, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Mérida, Mexico
¹⁴⁶ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
¹⁴⁷ Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
¹⁴⁸ MARCELEON, Cabinet d’ingénierie juridique et foncière, Chambéry, France
¹⁴⁹ CSIL (Economic Research Institute), Milan, Italy
¹⁵⁰ ETHZ, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
¹⁵¹ UAH, Universidad de Alcalá Madrid, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
¹⁵² CIA, Conseil Ingénierie Acoustique, Lyon, France
¹⁵³ Evinerude, Bureau d’études environnementales, Lyon, France
¹⁵⁴ LPCA, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
¹⁵⁵ Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
¹⁵⁶ ANSTO, Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne, Australia
¹⁵⁷ Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College, Kolkata, India
¹⁵⁸ ANL, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
¹⁵⁹ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
¹⁶⁰ Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
¹⁶¹ Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
¹⁶² Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
¹⁶³ Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
¹⁶⁴ Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
¹⁶⁵ IUE, İzmir Ekonomi Üniversitesi, Izmir, Türkiye
¹⁶⁶ Ege Üniversitesi, Izmir, Türkiye
¹⁶⁷ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Udine, Italy
¹⁶⁸ Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
¹⁶⁹ University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
¹⁷⁰ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy
¹⁷¹ CELLS/ALBA, Consortium for the Construction, Equipment and Exploitation of the Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
¹⁷² LPSC, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Grenoble, France
¹⁷³ Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
¹⁷⁴ Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy
¹⁷⁵ National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, USA
¹⁷⁶ Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
¹⁷⁷ University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
¹⁷⁸ IGFAE, Instituto Galego de Fisica de Altas Enerxías, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
¹⁷⁹ University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
¹⁸⁰ LSE, London School of Economics, London, UK
¹⁸¹ Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
¹⁸² Imperial College London, London, UK
¹⁸³ MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
¹⁸⁴ CETU, Centre d’Etude des Tunnels, Lyon, France
¹⁸⁵ University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
¹⁸⁶ Linde Kryotechnik AG, Pfungen, Switzerland
¹⁸⁷ ILF Consulting Engineers, Zurich, Switzerland
¹⁸⁸ NBI, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
¹⁸⁹ Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
¹⁹⁰ CUNI, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
¹⁹¹ Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
¹⁹² INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, Florence, Italy
¹⁹³ University of Malta, Msida, Malta
¹⁹⁴ BU, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
¹⁹⁵ IBU, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Bolu, Türkiye
¹⁹⁶ Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
¹⁹⁷ University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
¹⁹⁸ HIP, Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
¹⁹⁹ ULB, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
²⁰⁰ IMA, Institut für Maschinenelemente, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
²⁰¹ CP3, Centre de Cosmologie, de Physique des Particules et de Phénoménologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
²⁰² NIKHEF, Nationaal instituut voor subatomaire fysica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
²⁰³ IHEP, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
²⁰⁴ UAS, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
²⁰⁵ BOKU, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
²⁰⁶ University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
²⁰⁷ Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
²⁰⁸ University of Delhi, Delhi, India
²⁰⁹ Ginger BURGEAP, bureau d’études en environnement, Lyon, France
²¹⁰ King’s College London, London, UK
²¹¹ University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
²¹² KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
²¹³ Geoenergy, Reservoir Geology and Basin Analysis Group, Geneva, Switzerland
²¹⁴ SETEC International, Société d’ingénierie en charge des transports et des infrastructures, Lyon, France
²¹⁵ KKU, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Kırıkkale, Türkiye
²¹⁶ SETEC LERM, Société d’ingénierie conseil en matériaux de construction, Lyon, France
²¹⁷ BUAP, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
²¹⁸ Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
²¹⁹ University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
²²⁰ MUL, Montanuniversität Leoben, Lehrstuhl für Subsurface Engineering, Geotechnik und unterirdisches Bauen, Leoben, Austria
²²¹ MUL-ZaB, Underground Research Center, Zentrum am Berg, Leoben, Austria
²²² IFAE, Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Barcelona, Spain
²²³ FHNW, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Windisch, Switzerland
²²⁴ UPES, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
²²⁵ GANIL, Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds, Caen, France
²²⁶ Université Caen Normandie, Caen, France
²²⁷ UFRGS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
²²⁸ Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
²²⁹ Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
²³⁰ UFPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
²³¹ University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
²³² Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
²³³ Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
²³⁴ University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
²³⁵ Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
²³⁶ Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
²³⁷ Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
²³⁸ LAPTh, Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique Théorique, Annecy-le-Vieux, France
²³⁹ Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China
²⁴⁰ Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye
²⁴¹ UNACH, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
²⁴² MCTP, Mesoamerican Centre for Theoretical Physics, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
²⁴³ UAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
²⁴⁴ University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
²⁴⁵ Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
²⁴⁶ Overleaf, London, UK
²⁴⁷ University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
²⁴⁸ Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
²⁴⁹ FIT, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
²⁵⁰ Shirokuma GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland
²⁵¹ National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan
²⁵² Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
²⁵³ PAEC, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan
²⁵⁴ Mathabhanga College, Mathabhanga, India
²⁵⁵ Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Prayagraj, India
²⁵⁶ MPIK, Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
²⁵⁷ European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden
²⁵⁸ Centre de calcul de l’IN2P3, Villeurbanne, France
²⁵⁹ GSI, Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
²⁶⁰ IBS, Institute for Basic Science, Center for Theoretical Physics of the Universe, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
²⁶¹ University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
²⁶² University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
²⁶³ Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
²⁶⁴ Microhumus, Bureau d’étude et d’ingénierie spécialisé dans la gestion des sols dégradés, Nancy, France
²⁶⁵ Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
²⁶⁶ Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, Niğde, Türkiye
²⁶⁷ Giresun Üniversitesi, Giresun, Türkiye
²⁶⁸ University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary
²⁶⁹ NTUA, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
²⁷⁰ Transmutex SA, Geneva, Switzerland
²⁷¹ DIAS, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Theoretical Physics, Dublin, Ireland
²⁷² AGH, University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
²⁷³ University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, Behshahr, Iran
²⁷⁴ IPPP, Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Durham University, Durham, UK
²⁷⁵ Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa, Türkiye
²⁷⁶ YU, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
²⁷⁷ CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
²⁷⁸ CPT, Centre de Physique Théorique, Marseille, France
²⁷⁹ Aix-Marseille Université et Université du Sud Toulon Var, Marseille, France
²⁸⁰ KIAS, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, Republic of Korea
²⁸¹ Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
²⁸² FEAC Engineering P.C., Patras, Greece
²⁸³ UPATRAS, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
²⁸⁴ University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
²⁸⁵ AUTH, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
²⁸⁶ IML, Fraunhofer-Institut für Materialfluss und Logistik, Dortmund, Germany
²⁸⁷ RWTH Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
²⁸⁸ ZHAW, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
²⁸⁹ Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
²⁹⁰ University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
²⁹¹ Fachhochschule Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
²⁹² University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
²⁹³ Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
²⁹⁴ ESI, European Scientific Institute, Archamps, France
²⁹⁵ UOS, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
²⁹⁶ KNU Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
²⁹⁷ KU, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
²⁹⁸ Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
²⁹⁹ University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
³⁰⁰ BG Ingénieurs Conseils, Lausanne, Switzerland
³⁰¹ T.-D. Lee Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
³⁰² Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
³⁰³ CNR, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
³⁰⁴ University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
³⁰⁵ University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
³⁰⁶ University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
³⁰⁷ ESRF, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
³⁰⁸ SUSSEX, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
³⁰⁹ Università di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
³¹⁰ University of Bath, Bath, UK
³¹¹ Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
³¹² Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
³¹³ Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
³¹⁴ Center for High Energy Physics, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
³¹⁵ Center of Theoretical Physics, British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
³¹⁶ Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
³¹⁷ Sorbonne Université et Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
³¹⁸ Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
³¹⁹ IFIC-CSIC/UV, Instituto de Física Corpuscular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
³²⁰ Service de géologie, sols et déchets du canton de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
³²¹ NICPB, National Institute for Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
³²² UT, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
³²³ Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
³²⁴ UGTO, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
³²⁵ Edaphos Engineering, Geneva, Switzerland
³²⁶ Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
³²⁷ Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai, Mumbai, India
³²⁸ Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
³²⁹ CNR-IOM, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trieste, Italy
³³⁰ JKU, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Linz, Austria
³³¹ University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
³³² Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
³³³ Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, Trento, Italy
³³⁴ Caltech, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
³³⁵ Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
³³⁶ IFT, Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
³³⁷ UPC, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
³³⁸ Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
³³⁹ Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e do Porto, Porto, Portugal
³⁴⁰ LaPMET, Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, Porto, Portugal
³⁴¹ University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
³⁴² Instituto Milenio de Física Subatómica en la Frontera de Altas Energías, SAPHIR, Santiago, Chile
³⁴³ Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
³⁴⁴ IIP, International Institute of Physics, Natal, Brazil
³⁴⁵ Tokyo International University, Tokyo, Japan
³⁴⁶ Izmir Bakırçay Üniversitesi, Izmir, Türkiye
³⁴⁷ INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, Italy
³⁴⁸ Universitá degli Studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy
³⁴⁹ Vinc̆a Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
³⁵⁰ Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
³⁵¹ Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
³⁵² Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
³⁵³ Department of Energy of the United States of America, DOE, Washington, DC, USA
³⁵⁴ IPSA, Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
³⁵⁵ Università degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento, Italy
³⁵⁶ UJ, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
³⁵⁷ Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
³⁵⁸ Institut für Angewandte Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
³⁵⁹ HFFH, Helmholtz Forschungsakademie Hessen für FAIR, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
³⁶⁰ INCDTIM, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
³⁶¹ University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
³⁶² Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
³⁶³ RTU, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
³⁶⁴ Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
³⁶⁵ University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
³⁶⁶ Cosmos Open University, Nicosia, Cyprus
³⁶⁷ CBPF, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
³⁶⁸ Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
³⁶⁹ CMU, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
³⁷⁰ JLAB, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, USA
³⁷¹ ESPOL, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
³⁷² IRB, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
³⁷³ Air Liquide Advanced Technologies, Grenoble, France
³⁷⁴ VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
³⁷⁵ INGÉROP, Groupe d’ingénierie et de conseil en mobilité durable, transition énergétique et cadre de vie, Lyon, France
³⁷⁶ Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
³⁷⁷ IFCA, Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
³⁷⁸ Institut für Beschleunigerphysik und Technologie, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
³⁷⁹ Uşak Üniversitesi, Uşak, Türkiye
³⁸⁰ ICEPP, International Center for Elementary Particle Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
³⁸¹ Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
³⁸² All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
³⁸³ Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Antalya, Türkiye
³⁸⁴ Latitude Durable SARL, Geneva, Switzerland
³⁸⁵ USAL, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
³⁸⁶ PRISMA+ Cluster of Excellence, Mainz, Germany
³⁸⁷ Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
³⁸⁸ Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
³⁸⁹ scMetrology SARL, Geneva, Switzerland
³⁹⁰ IST, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
³⁹¹ Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, CeFEMA, Lisbon, Portugal
³⁹² Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
³⁹³ NIU, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
³⁹⁴ Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
³⁹⁵ Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
³⁹⁶ Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
³⁹⁷ Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
³⁹⁸ KAIST, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
³⁹⁹ Amberg Engineering Chambéry, Chambéry, France
⁴⁰⁰ Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
⁴⁰¹ University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
⁴⁰² IFIC-CSIC/UV, Instituto de Física Corpuscular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
⁴⁰³ WIFO, Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Vienna, Austria
⁴⁰⁴ Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
⁴⁰⁵ Mélica, NATURA SCOP, Études et expertises environnementales, Aubenas, France
⁴⁰⁶ Università LUM, Casamassima, Italy
⁴⁰⁷ University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
⁴⁰⁸ Arak University, Arak, Iran
⁴⁰⁹ Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
⁴¹⁰ ForestAllia, Cabinet de gestion et d’expertise forestières, Besançon, France
⁴¹¹ Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
⁴¹² University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
⁴¹³ Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
⁴¹⁴ CEGELEC SA, Geneva, Switzerland
⁴¹⁵ KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
⁴¹⁶ OKC, Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Stockholm, Sweden
⁴¹⁷ Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
⁴¹⁸ Expert foncier et agricole, Chadrat, France
⁴¹⁹ ITSM, Institut für Thermische Strömungsmaschinen und Maschinenlaboratorium, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
⁴²⁰ École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
⁴²¹ CTU, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic
⁴²² University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
⁴²³ Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
⁴²⁴ University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
⁴²⁵ University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
⁴²⁶ Swisstopo, Federal Office of Topography, Wabern, Switzerland
⁴²⁷ Daresbury Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Daresbury, UK
⁴²⁸ IZTECH, Izmir Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, Izmir, Türkiye
⁴²⁹ City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Received: 16 June 2025
Accepted: 16 September 2025
Published online: 17 November 2025

Abstract

In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory; followed by a proton-proton collider (FCC-hh) at the energy frontier in the second phase. The FCC-ee is designed to operate at four key centre-of-mass energies: the Z pole, the WW pair production threshold, the ZH production peak, and the top/anti-top production threshold—each delivering the highest possible luminosities to four experiments. Over 15 years of operation, FCC-ee will produce more than 6 trillion Z bosons, 200 million WW pairs, nearly 3 million Higgs bosons, and 2 million top anti-top pairs. Precise energy calibration at the Z pole and WW threshold will be achieved through frequent resonant depolarisation of pilot bunches. The sequence of operation modes between the Z, WW, and ZH substages remains flexible. The FCC-hh will operate at a centre-of-mass energy of approximately 85 TeV—nearly an order of magnitude higher than the LHC—and is designed to deliver 5 to 10 times the integrated luminosity of the upcoming High-Luminosity LHC. Its mass reach for direct discovery extends to several tens of TeV. In addition to proton-proton collisions, the FCC-hh is capable of supporting ion-ion, ion-proton, and lepton-hadron collision modes. This second volume of the Feasibility Study Report presents the complete design of the FCC-ee collider, its operation and staging strategy, the full-energy booster and injector complex, required accelerator technologies, safety concepts, and technical infrastructure. It also includes the design of the FCC-hh hadron collider, development of high-field magnets, hadron injector options, and key technical systems for FCC-hh.

S. Beuvier and M. Klein are deceased.

M. Benedikt is Study Leader.

F. Zimmermann is Deputy Study Leader.

B. Auchmann, W. Bartmann, J.P. Burnet, C. Carli, A. Chancé, P. Craievich, M. Giovannozzi, C. Grojean, J. Gutleber, K. Hanke, A. Henriques, P. Janot, C. Lourenço, M. Mangano, T. Otto, J. Poole, S. Rajagopalan, T. Raubenheimer, E. Todesco, L. Ulrici, T. Watson and G. Wilkinson are Editors

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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