https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-02088-8
Review
Study on the equation-of-state with light clusters and hypernuclei
1
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
2
Institute for Theoretical Physics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
3
Helmholtz Research Academy Hessen for FAIR (HFHF), GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Physics, Campus Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
4
SUBATECH, Nantes University, IMT Atlantique, IN2P3/CNRS, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France
5
Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth Moufang Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
a
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Received:
23
September
2025
Accepted:
27
November
2025
Published online:
10
December
2025
Abstract
Heavy-ion collision experiments offer a unique opportunity to explore the early stages of the Universe by creating matter under extreme conditions of high temperature and baryon density. The properties of such matter are governed by the equation-of-state (EoS), which remains a central focus of investigation from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. Flow harmonics are among the most sensitive observables for probing the EoS, as they strongly reflect the underlying interactions and degrees-of-freedom of the system. In this article, we review the current status of our understanding of the EoS based on microscopic transport models, emphasizing comparisons with experimental data in the few-GeV energy range. We focus on the constraints of the EoS from nucleon, light cluster and hypernuclei observables such as the directed 
and elliptic 
flow harmonics.
© The Author(s) 2025
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