https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-026-02126-z
Regular Article
Systematics of the chemical freeze-out line in the high baryon density regime explored at SIS100
1
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
2
Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth-Moufang-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
3
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
4
Helmholtz Research Academy Hesse for FAIR (HFHF), GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Max-von-Laue-Str. 12, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
5
Liebfrauenschule Bensheim, Obergasse 38, 64625, Bensheim, Germany
6
Department of Physics, University of Houston, 3507 Cullen Blvd, 77204, Houston, MD, USA
7
Department of Physics, Duke University, 27708, Durham, NC, USA
a
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Received:
31
October
2025
Accepted:
6
January
2026
Published online:
20
January
2026
The systematic uncertainties of chemical freeze-out fits at SIS100 energies (Au+Au reactions at 
GeV) are studied using UrQMD simulations. Although hadron production in UrQMD does not occur on a sharp chemical freeze-out hyper-surface, the extracted fit quality is shown to be very good. The extracted chemical parameters depend on the selected hadron species as well as the underlying equation of state (EoS) of the matter. Including light nuclei and anti-protons in the fit increases the expected freeze-out temperature, while a stiffer EoS increases the obtained chemical potential. Similarly, the baryon densities extracted by the thermal fits depend on the choice of hadrons as well as the underlying equation of state. These results are important for the upcoming CBM@FAIR physics program and highlight that a degree of caution is advised when one relates the chemical freeze-out curve to features on the QCD phase diagram like the critical endpoint or a possible phase transition.
© The Author(s) 2026
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