https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-026-02281-3
Regular Article
Occupational and public exposure to ultraviolet emissions from cosmetic studio solariums: a pilot study
National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria
a
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Received:
27
August
2025
Accepted:
14
March
2026
Published online:
30
March
2026
Abstract
In 2010, besides the numerous proven harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the use of tanning devices for cosmetic purposes was recognized as carcinogenic to humans and included in the list of carcinogens as Group 1 by IARC. Considering the widespread use of solariums by young people, often under the age of 18, measuring and assessing UV from such equipment is extremely important to minimize the health risk to both clients and UV exposure consultants. The paper presents a pilot study of UV radiation emitted by solariums in cosmetic studios. The study is conducted to evaluate the performance characteristics of solariums, according to EN 60335-2-27, and to assess possible UV exposure to the personnel. Two measurement methods are applied: spectral and non-selective measurement for determining effective irradiance. The methodology encompasses three key components based on the received data of measurements: categorization of the tanning bed according to its radiation spectral distribution, evaluation of effective UV irradiance, and exposure assessment and calculation of maximum permissible exposure duration to minimize the risk of UV-induced skin and eye damage during inadvertent exposure (according to Directive 2006/25/EC). Nevertheless, UV exposures are within the framework of Directive 2006/25/EC. This pilot study is a model for developing methods for measurement and assessment of UV radiation, to address immediate safety concerns and also to provide a scientifically robust framework for future research and legislation in the operation of tanning facilities and safety protocol development. The acquired data enable the basis for future formulation of targeted recommendations for enhancing safety measures, including routine monitoring of UV radiation, ensuring appropriate personal protective equipment for staff, and educating both personnel and clients about the risks of UV exposure.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
