https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-026-02282-2
Regular Article
Depth resolved study of timing parameters of double-sided 3D columnar–electrode sensors
1
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, Dzordza Vashingtona, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
2
Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 10 000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
3
Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM-CSIC, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
4
ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
a
This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Received:
31
August
2025
Accepted:
14
March
2026
Published online:
27
March
2026
Abstract
We present a comprehensive study of depth-dependent signal timing in double-sided 3D silicon pixel detectors with square columnar geometry, fabricated at the Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica (CNM) within the RD50 collaboration. These devices originate from a dedicated CNM production run aimed at optimizing 3D sensors for fast-timing applications at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). In this work, the key timing parameters—Time-of-Arrival (ToA) and Rise Time (RT)—are investigated using the Two-Photon Absorption Transient Current Technique (TPA-TCT), which enables well-localized charge injection and high-precision timing diagnostics. The results reveal that important differences in the timing performance of the 3D columnar-electrode sensors can be observed when charge is generated at different depths of the active volume of the sensor. Although the study refers to a specific pixel design it can be useful for the optimization of future 4D-tracking detectors. It also confirms the TPA-TCT method as a powerful tool for detailed timing characterization.
Copyright comment Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
