https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-026-02359-y
Review
Charmonium production in low energy nuclear collisions at SPS and FAIR: achievements and prospects
1
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1/AF Bidhannagar, 700064, Kolkata, India
2
Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
a
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Received:
3
December
2025
Accepted:
24
April
2026
Published online:
10
June
2026
Abstract
In this article, we review the status of the charmonium production in low energy fixed target proton-nucleus (p-A) and nucleus–nucleus (A–A) collisions as measured by different experimental collaborations at CERN-SPS, Fermilab and HERA accelerator facilities. The interplay of different cold and hot medium effects influencing the production of these 
bound states at low collision energies is discussed in detail. Prospect for upcoming charmonium measurements close to kinematic production threshold, in the CBM experiment at FAIR SIS100 and NA60+ experiment at CERN-SPS facilities are also investigated.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
