https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-026-02372-1
Regular Article
Can rising consumption deepen inequality?
1
Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 90560-001, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
2
Departamento de Física, PUC-Rio, Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225, 22451-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
a
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Received:
21
January
2026
Accepted:
29
April
2026
Published online:
15
May
2026
Abstract
The impact of rising consumption on wealth inequality remains an open question. Here, we revisit and extend the Social Architecture of Capitalism agent-based model proposed by Ian Wright, which reproduces stylized facts of wealth and income distributions. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the macroscopic behavior of the model is predominantly governed by a single dimensionless parameter, the ratio between average wealth per capita and mean salary, denoted by R. The shape of the wealth distribution, the emergence of a two-class structure, and the level of inequality—summarized by the Gini index—were found to depend mainly on R, with inequality increasing as R increases. In the present work, we examine the robustness of this result by relaxing some simplifying assumptions of the model. We first allow transactions such as purchases, salary payments, and revenue collections to occur with different frequencies, reflecting the heterogeneous temporal dynamics of real economies. We then impose limits on the maximum fractions of wealth that agents can spend or collect at each step, constraining the amplitude of individual transactions. We find that the dependence of the inequality on R remains qualitatively robust, although the detailed distribution patterns are affected by relative frequencies and transaction limits. Finally, we analyze a further variant of the model with adaptive wages emerging endogenously from the dynamics, showing that self-organized labor market feedback can either stabilize or amplify inequality depending on macroeconomic conditions.
© The Author(s) 2026
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