Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 223, 545-558 (2014)
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2014-02108-0

Review

Phase field models for heterogeneous nucleation: Application to inoculation in alpha-solidifying Ti-Al-B alloys

ACCESS e. V., RWTH Aachen, Intzestr. 5, 52072 Aachen, Germany

Received: 13 December 2013
Revised: 10 January 2014
Published online: 28 February 2014

Abstract

This paper aims at briefly reviewing phase field models applied to the simulation of heterogeneous nucleation and subsequent growth, with special emphasis on grain refinement by inoculation. The spherical cap and free growth model (e.g. A.L. Greer, et al., Acta Mater. 48, 2823 (2000)) has proven its applicability for different metallic systems, e.g. Al or Mg based alloys, by computing the grain refinement effect achieved by inoculation of the melt with inert seeding particles. However, recent experiments with peritectic Ti-Al-B alloys revealed that the grain refinement by TiB₂ is less effective than predicted by the model. Phase field simulations can be applied to validate the approximations of the spherical cap and free growth model, e.g. by computing explicitly the latent heat release associated with different nucleation and growth scenarios. Here, simulation results for point-shaped nucleation, as well as for partially and completely wetted plate-like seed particles will be discussed with respect to recalescence and impact on grain refinement. It will be shown that particularly for large seeding particles (up to 30 μm), the free growth morphology clearly deviates from the assumed spherical cap and the initial growth – until the free growth barrier is reached – significantly contributes to the latent heat release and determines the recalescence temperature.