Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. (2022) 231: 2539-2553
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00602-w

Regular Article

Mixed convection in a double lid-driven rectangular cavity filled with hybrid nanofluid subjected to non-uniform heating using finite-volume method

¹ Business Administration Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, 51001, Babylon, Iraq
² Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Technical Engineering Department, College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, 54001, Najaf, Iraq
³ Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh, 84600, Muar, Malaysia
⁴ Centre for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh, 84600, Muar, Malaysia
⁵ ANNA Systems LLC, Moscow Region, Dubna, 9 Maya Street, Building 7B, Building 2 Office 10.141707, Dolgoprudnenskoe Highway, 3, Fiztekhpark, 141980, Moscow, Russia

^f rozaini@uthm.edu.my

Received: 31 December 2021
Accepted: 3 May 2022
Published online: 18 May 2022

Abstract

Mixed convection in a rectangular double lid-driven cavity filled with hybrid nanofluid (Al${}_2$O${}_3$–Cu–water) subjected to insulated sidewalls and sinusoidal temperature on horizontal walls is numerically investigated. Using the SIMPLE algorithm for pressure, velocity coupling, the momentum, mass conservation, and energy equations are numerically solved by the finite-volume method (FVM). The data were validated by comparing the present results with the results of the problem solved by Sarris et al. (Numer Heat Transf Part A Appl 42(5):513–530, 2010) for pure liquid. The effects of amplitude ratio, phase deviation, and Reynolds numbers on the flow and heat transfer characteristics are discussed. It is found that the rate of heat transfer is improved as the volume fraction of the hybrid nanoparticles and the amplitude ratio are increased. The non-uniform heating at cavity walls tend to provide higher heat transfer rate and the heat transfer rate increases with respect to Reynolds number.