https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01657-1
Regular Article
Quantitative evaluation of lead-free perovskite solar cells based on data envelopment analysis
Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Technology, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Precision Optics, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, 442002, Shiyan, China
Received:
2
March
2025
Accepted:
24
April
2025
Published online:
7
May
2025
Over recent years, significant advancements have been made in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the majority of cells that have achieved record PCE values are based on lead (Pb), which inevitably raises toxicity concerns. To address this issue, various non-lead perovskites have been utilized to manufacture Pb-free PSCs. Taking into account the cost of raw materials and the fabrication steps involved in producing Pb-free PSCs, a quantitative evaluation of different devices has been conducted for the first time using data envelopment analysis (DEA). This evaluation primarily focuses on the input factors (cost and fabrication steps) and the outputs (PCE and stability). The results provide a comprehensive economic analysis of various Pb-free PSCs and establish a new, valid method for evaluating these cells. Furthermore, the findings and the proposed strategy offer promising guidance for achieving higher outputs with lower inputs in Pb-free PSCs. This could potentially facilitate the development of more environmentally friendly PSCs.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
