https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01770-1
Regular Article
Thermal management of sodium-ion and lithium-ion battery of electric vehicle using magnetic nanofluid and vortex generators with magnetic virtual baffles
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
2
Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University, Salt Lake, 700106, Kolkata, India
3
Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
a
biswas.nirmalendu@gmail.com
b
khussain1@ksu.edu.sa
Received:
3
March
2025
Accepted:
25
June
2025
Published online:
10
July
2025
This study presents a novel approach to address thermal problems in electric vehicle batteries by utilizing an active vortex generator. This work examines the behavior of a nanofluidic flow comprising of water and Fe3O4 nanoparticles, with a volume fraction of 2%, flowing via mini-channels. The Reynolds numbers considered in the study range from 50 to 250. Magnetic fields, acting as vortex generators with strengths for the range from 800 to 2000 G, are essential for improving the cooling of electric vehicle batteries. The findings demonstrate that in the parallel ribbed channel, magnetic fields at x = 15 mm, x = 25 mm, and combined magnetic fields at x = 15 mm and 25 mm result in the highest enhancements of 53%, 75%, and 97% in the Nusselt number, respectively when the magnetic field strength is 2000 G. In the case of the staggered ribbed mini-channels, the improvements seen were 57%, 66%, and 104% respectively. Although the friction factor showed different patterns, the thermal efficiency factor (TEF) remained consistently over unity for all scenarios. The TEF reached a maximum value of 2.9 in the case of a parallel ribbed channel with both magnets in place and a magnetic field intensity of 2000 G.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
