https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-026-02207-z
Regular Article
Formation of magnetic nanoparticle aggregates and their magnetic response in a limited volume
Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Lenin Avenue, 620000, Ekaterinburg, Russia
a
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Received:
29
November
2025
Accepted:
16
February
2026
Published online:
24
February
2026
Abstract
The effective use of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine requires accurately predicting their properties within a cellular environment. A key challenge is the insufficient understanding of how spatial confinement influences their aggregation and collective magnetic response. To address this, we investigate a model of interacting dipole particles confined within a spherical container under a static magnetic field. We employ Monte Carlo simulations to predict the system’s magnetization and characterize the structures that form within it. Our numerical results demonstrate a strong dependence of the magnetic effects on the particle concentration. Cluster analysis quantified the percentage of particles involved in aggregation, revealing a higher proportion in concentrated systems. However, these aggregates form dense, closed structures that respond weakly to the low and moderate magnetic fields. These results provide a theoretical basis for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
