https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-026-02306-x
Regular Article
Sustainable machining of LMD-processed Ti64-ELI under nano-fluids MQL conditions
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Jeddah, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
a
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Received:
31
October
2025
Accepted:
30
March
2026
Published online:
9
April
2026
Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) has been gaining a lot of attention in the aviation industry recently. Because laser metal deposited (LMD) materials have special properties resulting from large temperature variations and complex heat transfer during processing, an extensive examination is necessary. Nevertheless, the ongoing necessity for these components to undergo additional machining operations is substantial due to the basic constraints of laser-based methods for MAM. This work investigates the impacts of dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), and nano-fluids (NFs) incorporating graphene as nanoparticle in milling of LMD-processed Ti64-ELI to gain a better understanding of how these lubrication and cooling affect the surface of the material. Using NF shows notable gains in surface topography. Reduced flank wear, minimum temperature, and decreased current utilization have been attained. The Ra and Vb measured under NMQL conditions were in the range of 0.82–0.90 µm and 0.087–0.106 mm, respectively. Moreover, the NMQL cutting strategy lessened the heat formed at the tool workpiece contact region and lowered the current consumption during machining. In addition, the EDAS method of optimization is used to find the optimum milling parameters. As per EDAS analysis, the speed of 60 m/min, the feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev, and the NMQL cutting strategy were found to be optimal levels. The results of the EDAS method were predicted using machine learning techniques which include support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) algorithms to provide an improved understanding of the optimal solution.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
