https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2019-900088-6
Regular Article
HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider
Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 4
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A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (YerPhi), Yerevan, Armenia
2
Abant Izzet Baysal University (AIBU), Bolu, Turkey
3
Air Liquide Advanced Technologies (ALAT), Sassenage, France
4
Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Marseille, France
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Aix-Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT (AMU/UTLN/CNRS/CPT), Marseille, France
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Akdeniz University (UAKDENIZ), Antalya, Turkey
7
ALBA Synchrotron – Consorcio para la Construcción, Equipamiento y Explotación del Laboratorio de Luz Sincrotrón, Cerdanyola del Vallès (CELLS-ALBA), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
8
Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (UFreiburg), Freiburg, Germany
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All-Russian Scientific Research and Development Cable Institute (VNIIKP), Moscow, Russia
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Ankara University (Ankara U), Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
11
Applied Superconductivity Center (ASC), Tallahassee, FL, USA
12
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL, USA
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Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Vienna, Austria
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Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India
15
Baylor University (Baylor), Waco, TX, USA
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Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
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Bochvar Institute of Inorganic Materials (VNIINM), Mosocw, Russia
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Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics (BLTP JINR), Dubna, Russia
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Boston University (BU), Boston, MA, USA
20
Boğaziçi University (BOUN), Istanbul, Turkey
21
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY, USA
22
Brown University (Brown), Providence, RI, USA
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BRUKER EST (Bruker), Hanau, Germany
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Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), Novosibirsk, Russia
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Center for High Energy Physics (CHEP), Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Marseille, France
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Centre d’Etudes des Tunnels (CETU), Bron, France
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Centre d’études et d’expertise sur les risques, l’environnement, la mobilité et l’aménagement (CEREMA), Lyon, France
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Centre for Industrial Studies (CSIL), Milan, Italy
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aubière, France
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS/IN2P3), Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
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Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
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Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Merdia, Mexico
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Cockcroft Institute (CI Daresbury), Daresbury, UK
38
Cockcroft Institute (CI Lancaster), Lancaster, UK
39
Comenius University (CU), Bratislava, Slovakia
40
Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives – Institut de Recherche sur les lois Fondamentales de l’Univers Saclay (CEA/DSM/Irfu Saclay), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives – Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (CEA), Grenoble, France
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Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milan, Italy
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Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Superconducting and other Innovative materials and devices institute (CNR-SPIN), Genoa, Italy
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Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Superconducting and other Innovative materials and devices institute (CNR-SPIN), Naples, Italy
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Cornell University (Cornell), Ithaca, NY, USA
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Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de València (UV), València, Spain
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Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos and CAFPE, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Granada, Spain
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Department of Energy (DoE), Washington, DC, USA
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Department of Physics, University of Tehran (UT), Tehran, Iran
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Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
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Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY ZEU), Zeuthen, Germany
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Dimtel, Inc. (Dimtel), San Jose, CA, USA
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Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Meccanica, Università degli Studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale (DICEM), Cassino, Italy
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Duke University (DU), Durham, NC, USA
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Durham University, Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology (IPPP), Durham, UK
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Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems (DLNP JINR), Dubna, Russia
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Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ecotec Environnement SA (Ecotec), Geneva, Switzerland
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Ege University (EgeU), Izmir, Turkey
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Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETHZ), Zürich, Switzerland
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Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Eindhoven, Netherlands
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Elle Marmi SARL (EM), Carrara, Italy
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Eskişehir Technical University (ESTU), Istanbul, Turkey
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Esslingen University of Applied Sciences (HS Esslingen), Göppingen, Germany
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European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
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European Scientific Institute (ESI), Archamps, France
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European Spallation Source (ESS), Lund, Sweden
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Fachhochschule Südwestfalen (FH-SWF), Gelsenkirchen, Germany
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Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University Prague (CU), Prague, Czech Republic
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Fayoum University (FU), El-Fayoum, Egypt
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Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL, USA
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Fraunhofer-Institut für Materialfluss und Logistik (FIML), Dortmund, Germany
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Fuel Company of Rosatom TVEL (TVEL), Moscow, Russia
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Fujikura Ltd. (Fujikura), Sakura City, Japan
75
Gangneung-Wonju National University (GWNU), Gangneung-Wonju, Republic of Korea
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Giresun University (Giresun), Giresun, Turkey
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Gomel State Technical University (GSTU), Gomel, Belarus
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GSI Helmholtz Zentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt, Germany
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Gümüşhane University (Gumushane), Gümüşhane, Turkey
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Harvard University (Harvard), Cambridge, MA, USA
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Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB), Berlin, Germany
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High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan
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Işık University (Isikun), Istanbul, Turkey
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I-Cube Research (I-Cube), Toulouse, France
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II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg (UNITH), Hamburg, Germany
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ILF Consulting Engineers (ILF), Zürich, Switzerland
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Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, India
88
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IITK), Uttar Pradesh, India
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Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
90
Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (CNRS/IN2P3/IPNO), Orsay, France
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Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Princeton, NJ, USA
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Institute for Applied Physics, Goethe University (IAP), Frankfurt, Germany
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Institute for Astro and Particle Physics, University of Innsbruck (UIBK), Innsbruck, Austria
94
Institute for High Energy Physics of NRC “Kurchatov Institute” (IHEP), Protvino, Russia
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Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University (IMAPP), Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University (INP BSU), Minsk, Belarus
97
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing (IHEP CAS), Beijing, P.R. China
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Institute of Machine Components, University of Stuttgart (IMA), Stuttgart, Germany
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Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ PAN), Krakow, Poland
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Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica (AS), Taipei, Taiwan
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Institut Jožef Stefan (IJS), Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Spain
104
Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC-UV), Paterna, Spain
105
Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC-UV), València, Spain
106
Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (IFT-UAM), Madrid, Spain
107
Instituto de Física, Universitat de València (CSIC), València, Spain
108
Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata (IFIMAR), Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enxerxías, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (IGFAE), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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International Center for Advanced Studies, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (ICAS-UNSAM), San Martin, Argentina
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Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, IA, USA
112
Istanbul Aydin University (IAU), Istanbul, Turkey
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Istanbul University (IÜ), Istanbul, Turkey
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno – Sezione di Napoli (INFN SA), Salerno, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (INFN LNGS), Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (INFN LNF), Frascati, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (INFN LNLN), Legnaro, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bari (INFN BA), Bari, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (INFN BO), Bologna, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Cagliari (INFN CA), Cagliari, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (INFN CT), Catania, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Cosenza (INFN CS), Cosenza, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara (INFN FE), Ferrara, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze (INFN FI), Florence, Italy
125
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova (INFN GE), Genoa, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce (INFN LE), Lecce, Italy
127
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca (INFN MIB), Milan, Italy
128
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano (INFN MI), Milan, Italy
129
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli (INFN NA), Naples, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova (INFN PD), Padua, Italy
131
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia (INFN PV), Pavia, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia (INFN PG), Perugia, Italy
133
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Università di Pisa (INFN PI), Pisa, Italy
134
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 1 (INFN Roma 1), Rome, Italy
135
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata (INFN Roma 2), Rome, Italy
136
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tre (INFN Roma 3), Rome, Italy
137
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino (INFN TO), Turin, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste (INFN TS), Trieste, Italy
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ITER (ITER), Cadarache, France
140
Ivane Javakhishvili T’bilisi State University (TSU), T’bilisi, Georgie
141
Izmir University of Economics (IUE), Izmir, Turkey
142
Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität (JGU), Mainz, Germany
143
John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford (JAI), Oxford, UK
144
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
145
Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (UWUERZBURG), Würzburg, Germany
146
Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University (KSU), Kahramanmaras, Turkey
147
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
148
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Research & Development (LRD), Louvain, Belgium
149
Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (SKLTP ITP CAS), Beijing, P.R. China
150
King’s College London (KCL), London, UK
151
Kyoto University (Kyodai), Kyoto, Japan
152
Kyungpook National University (KNU), Sankyuk-dong, Republic of Korea
153
Laboratoire d’Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (CNRS/IN2P3/LAPP), Annecy, France
154
Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire, Université de Paris Sud (CNRS/IN2P3/UPSUD/LAL), Orsay, France
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Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Paris, France
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Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie Grenoble (LPSC), Grenoble, France
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Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies (CNRS/Sorbonne/LPTHE), Paris, France
158
Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique (LLR), Palaiseau, France
159
Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), Lisbon, Portugal
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Latitude Durable (LD), Geneva, Switzerland
161
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA, USA
162
Linde Kryotechnik AG (Linde), Pfungen, Switzerland
163
Loughborough University (LBoro), Loughborough, UK
164
Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
165
Luvata Pori Oy (Luvata), Pori, Finland
166
MAN Energy Solutions Schweiz AG (MAN ES), Zürich, Switzerland
167
Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University (UJ), Kraków, Poland
168
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
169
Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Heidelberg, Germany
170
Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (MPP), Munich, Germany
171
Ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE), Paris, France
172
Monash University (Monash), Melbourne, Australia
173
MTA Wigner Research Centre for Physics (Wigner), Budapest, Hungary
174
Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi (MKU), Hatay, Turkey
175
Nankai University (NKU), Tianjin, P.R. China
176
Nationaal instituut voor subatomaire fysica (NIKHEF), Amsterdam, Netherlands
177
National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos (NCSRD), Athens, Greece
178
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University (MagLab), Tallahassee, FL, USA
179
National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB), Tallin, Estonia
180
National Research Center Kurchatov Institute (NRCKI), Moscow, Russia
181
National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (MEPhI), Moscow, Russia
182
National Science Centre Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology (KIPT), Kharkov, UKraine
183
National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
184
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (NHM), Vienna, Austria
185
Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University (NBI), Copenhagen, Denmark
186
Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University (OHU), Nigde, Turkey
187
Northern Illinois University (NIU), DeKalb, IL, USA
188
Northwestern University (NU), Evanston, IL, USA
189
Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Novosibirsk, Russia
190
Otto-von-Guericke-Universityät Magdeburg (OVGU), Magdeburg, Germany
191
Oxford University (UOXF), Oxford, UK
192
Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
193
Peking University (PU), Beijing, P.R. China
194
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (PI), Watterloo, Canada
195
Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, NRC “Kurchatov Institute” (PNPI), Gatchina, Russia
196
Piri Reis University (PRU), Istanbul, Turkey
197
Pittsburgh Particle physics, Astrophysics & Cosmology Center and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh (PITT PACC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
198
Princeton University (PU), Princeton, NJ, USA
199
PRISMA Cluster of Excellence, Inst. für Physik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität (PRISMA), Mainz, Germany
200
Pusan National University (PNU), Busan, Republic of Korea
201
Queen’s University (Queens U), Kingston, Canada
202
RAMENTOR Oy (RAMENTOR), Tampere, Finland
203
Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
204
Riga Technical University (RTU), Riga, Latvia
205
Royal Holloway University (RHUL), London, UK
206
Ruder Boskovic Institute (RBI), Zagreb, Croatia
207
Ruprecht Karls Universität Heidelberg (RKU), Heidelberg, Germany
208
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (RU), Piscataway, NJ, USA
209
Sapienza Università di Roma (UNIROMA1), Rome, Italy
210
School of Particles and Accelerators, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
211
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow (SUPA), Glasgow, UK
212
Science and Technology Facilities Council, Daresbury Laboratory (STFC DL), Warrington, UK
213
Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (STFC RAL), Didcot, UK
214
scMetrology SARL (scMetrology), Geneva, Switzerland
215
Scuola Int. Superiore di Studi Avanzati di Trieste (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
216
Scuola Normale Superiore (SNS), Pisa, Italy
217
Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, Republic of Korea
218
Sevaplan und Wurm Schweiz AG (WURM), Winterthur, Switzerland
219
Shahid Beheshti University (SBUT), Tehran, Iran
220
Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Shanghai, P.R. China
221
Shirokuma GmbH (Shirokuma), Wetzikon, Switzerland
222
Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University (SINP MSU), Moscow, Russia
223
Southern Federal University (SFU), Rostov, Russia
224
Southern Methodist University (SMU), Dallas, TX, USA
225
Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi (SGTB Khalsa College), New Delhi, India
226
Stanford National Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA, USA
227
Stanford University (SU), Stanford, CA, USA
228
Stony Brook University (SBU), Stony Brook, NY, USA
229
Technische Universität Darmstadt (TU Darmstadt), Darmstadt, Germany
230
Technische Universität Dortmund (TU Dortmund), Dortmund, Germany
231
Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany
232
Technische Universität Graz (TU Graz), Graz, Austria
233
Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria
234
Tel Aviv University (TAU), Tel Aviv, Israel
235
The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina (Citadel), Charleston, SC, USA
236
The Pennsylvania State University (PSU), University Park, PA, USA
237
The University of Tokyo (Todai), Tokyo, Japan
238
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab), Newport News, VA, USA
239
TOBB University of Economics and Technology (TOBB ETU), Ankara, Turkey
240
Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech), Tokyo, Japan
241
Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
242
Tri-University Meson Facility (TRIUMF), Vancouver, Canada
243
Tsinghua University (THU), Beijing, P.R. China
244
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute (TDLI), Shanghai, P.R. China
245
Uludag University (ULUÜ), Bursa, Turkey
246
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Culiacán, Mexico
247
Universidad de Guanajuato (UGTO), Guanajuato, Mexico
248
Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain
249
Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay
250
Universidad de los Andes (Uniandes), Bogotá, Colombia
251
Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
252
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
253
Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
254
Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
255
Università degli Studi Roma Tre – Centro Ricerche Economiche e Sociali Manlio Rossi-Doria (EDIRC), Rome, Italy
256
Università della Calabria (UNICAL), Arcavacata, Italy
257
Università del Salento (UNISALENTO), Lecce, Italy
258
Università di Bari (UNIBA), Bari, Italy
259
Università di Bologna (UNIBO), Bologna, Italy
260
Università di Cagliari (UNICA), Cagliari, Italy
261
Università di Catania (UNICT), Catania, Italy
262
Università di Ferrara (UNIFE), Ferrara, Italy
263
Università di Firenze (UNIFI), Florence, Italy
264
Università di Genova (UNIGE), Genoa, Italy
265
Università di Insubria (UNINSUBRIA), Milan, Italy
266
Università di Lecce (UNILE), Lecce, Italy
267
Università di Milano (UNIMI), Milan, Italy
268
Università di Padova (UNIPD), Padua, Italy
269
Università di Parma (UNIPR), Parma, Italy
270
Università di Pavia (UNIPV), Pavia, Italy
271
Università di Perugia (UNIPG), Perugia, Italy
272
Università di Roma Sapienza (UNIROMA1), Rome, Italy
273
Università di Roma Tor Vergata (UNIROMA2), Rome, Italy
274
Università di Roma Tre (UNIROMA3), Rome, Italy
275
Università di Torino (UNITO), Turin, Italy
276
Università di Udine (UNIUD), Udine, Italy
277
Universität Hamburg (UHH), Hamburg, Germany
278
Universität Heidelberg (HEI), Heidelberg, Germany
279
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
280
Universität Siegen (U Siegen), Siegen, Germany
281
Universität Tübingen (TU), Tübingen, Germany
282
Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Aubière, France
283
Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Grenoble, France
284
University College London (UCL), London, UK
285
University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien (UAS TW), Vienna, Austria
286
University of Arizona (UA), Tucson, AZ, USA
287
University of Basel (UNIBAS), Basel, Switzerland
288
University of Belgrade (UB), Belgrade, Serbia
289
University of Bergen (UiB), Bergen, Norway
290
University of Bern (UNIBE), Bern, Switzerland
291
University of Birmingham (UBIRM), Birmingham, UK
292
University of Bristol (UOB), Bristol, UK
293
University of California Berkeley (UCB), Berkeley, CA, USA
294
University of California, Davis (UCD), Davis, CA, USA
295
University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, USA
296
University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
297
University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), Santa Barbara, CA, USA
298
University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, CA, USA
299
University of Cambridge (CAM), Cambridge, UK
300
University of Chicago (UCHI), Chicago, IL, USA
301
University of Cincinnati (UC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
302
University of Colorado Boulder (UCB), Boulder, Co, USA
303
University of Edinburgh (ED), Edinburgh, UK
304
University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, USA
305
University of Geneva (UniGE), Geneva, Switzerland
306
University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (UIUC), Urbana Champaign, IL, USA
307
University of Iowa (UIowa), Iowa City, IA, USA
308
University of Jyväskylä (JYU), Jyväskylä, Finland
309
University of Kansas (KU), Lawrence, KS, USA
310
University of Liverpool (ULIV), Liverpool, UK
311
University of Lund (ULU), Lund, Sweden
312
University of Malta (UM), Msida, Malta
313
University of Manchester (UMAN), Manchester, UK
314
University of Maryland (UMD), College Park, MD, USA
315
University of Massachusetts-Amherst (UMass), Amherst, MA, USA
316
University of Melbourne (UniMelb), Melbourne, Australia
317
University of Michigan (UMich), Ann Arbor, MI, USA
318
University of New Mexico (NMU), Albuquerque, NM, USA
319
University of Notre Dame du Lac (ND), South Bend, IA, USA
320
University of Oregon (UO), Eugene, USA
321
University of Rochester (Rochester), Rochester, NY, USA
322
University of Rostock (U Rostock), Rostock, Germany
323
University of Saskatchewan (USASK), Saskatoon, Canada
324
University of Science and Technology of P.R. China (USTC), Hefei, P.R. China
325
University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran (USTM), Behshahr, Iran
326
University of Silesia (USKAT), Katowice, Poland
327
University of Stavanger (UiS), Stavanger, Norway
328
University of Stuttgart (USTUTT), Stuttgart, Germany
329
University of Sussex (US), Brighton, UK
330
University of the Witwatersrand (WITS), Johannesburg, South Africa
331
University of Toronto (UToronto), Toronto, Canada
332
University of Warsaw (UW), Warszawa, Poland
333
University of Wisconsin-Madison (WISC), Madison, WI, USA
334
University of Würzburg (U Würzburg), Würzburg, Germany
335
University of Zürich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
336
University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Madrid, Spain
337
Univ. Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (CNRS/IN2P3/IPNL), Lyon, France
338
Uppsala University (UU), Uppsala, Sweden
339
Usak University (Usak), Usak, Turkey
340
Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU), Vienna, Austria
341
Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences (Vinca), Belgrade, Serbia
342
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
343
Washington University (WUSTL), St. Louis, MO, USA
344
Weizmann Institute (Weizmann), Rehovot, Israel
345
Werner-Heisenberg-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (MPP), Munich, Germany
346
Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), Münster, Germany
347
West Pomeranian University of Technology (ZUT), Szczecin, Poland
348
Wroclaw University of Science and Technology (PWR), Wroclaw, Poland
349
Wuhan University of Technology (WHUT), Wuhan, P.R. China
350
Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics, Department of Physic (ZIMP), Hangzhou, P.R. China
351
Zhejiang University (ZJU), Hangzhou, P.R. China
a email: frank.zimmermann@cern.ch
Received:
20
December
2018
Published online:
16
July
2019
In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the third volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the hadron collider FCC-hh. It summarizes the FCC-hh physics discovery opportunities, presents the FCC-hh accelerator design, performance reach, and staged operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the FCC-hh design aims at significantly extending the energy frontier to 100 TeV. Its unprecedented centre-of-mass collision energy will make the FCC-hh a unique instrument to explore physics beyond the Standard Model, offering great direct sensitivity to new physics and discoveries.
© The Author(s) 2019
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.