https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-024-01396-9
Regular Article
Multimaterial inkjet printing of mechanochromic materials
1
iPrint Institute, HEIA-FR, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
2
Cluster of Excellence livMatS, FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
3
Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
4
National Competence Center in Research Bio-inspired Materials, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
5
TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
6
Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
k
gilbert.gugler@hefr.ch
m
derek.kiebala@uni-mainz.de
Received:
30
March
2024
Accepted:
5
November
2024
Published online:
28
November
2024
Inkjet printing technology achieves the precise deposition of liquid-phase materials via the digitally controlled formation of picoliter-sized droplets. Beyond graphical printing, inkjet printing has been employed for the deposition of separated drops on surfaces or the formation of continuous layers, which allows to construct materials gradients or periodic features that provide enhanced functionalities. Here, we explore the use of multinozzle, drop-on-demand piezoelectric inkjet technology for the manufacturing of mechanochromic materials, i.e., materials that change their color or fluorescence in response to mechanical deformation. To accomplish this, suitable polyurethane polymers of differing hardness grades were tested with a range of organic solvents to formulate low-viscosity, inkjet-printable solutions. Following their rheological characterization, two solutions comprising “soft” and “hard” polyurethanes were selected for in-depth study. The solutions were imbibed with a mechanochromic additive to yield fluorescent inks, which were either dropcast onto polymeric substrates or printed to form checkerboard patterns of alternating hardness using a laboratory-built, multimaterial inkjet platform. Fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy were used to identify different hardness grades in the dropcast and printed materials, as well as to monitor the responses of these gradient materials to mechanical deformation. The insights gained in this study are expected to facilitate the development of inkjet-printable, mechanochromic polymer materials for a wide range of applications.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-024-01396-9.
© The Author(s) 2024
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