https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01515-0
Regular Article
Noise filtering approach to improve handwritten digit recognition using customized CNN for Cerebral Palsy individuals
1
Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab, Department of Computer Applications, National Institute of Technology-Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, India
2
Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Artificial Intelligence, National Institute of Technology-Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, India
3
Information Processing Lab, Department of Computer Applications, Tiruchirappalli, India
Received:
16
October
2024
Accepted:
6
February
2025
Published online:
21
February
2025
Automatic recognition of handwritten digits in people with Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a serious challenge that requires advancements in data preparation for improved predictive accuracy. The disorganized digit pixel patterns caused by CP people’ innate motor coordination problems result in the classification errors due to the noise and outlier. Despite the fact that many handwritten digit databases for normal people are available, none expressly cater to those with shaky hands/CP dataset. This highlights the importance of an efficient pre-processing method for mitigating variances in CP individuals’ digit pixel patterns. A total of 43,000 images from 43 CP people were collected and organized into 10 different folders for data labeling. The authors used the K-Means Based Noise Removal (KMNR) approach to remove noise and outliers from a CP and tested it on a customized CNN. The KMNR model achieved an accuracy of 98.86%, compared to 93.54% without it. The F1-score values for state-of-the-art models without KMNR ranged from 85.00% to 97.00%, but after integrating KMNR, they increased to 92.00% to 98.00%. The precision values ranged from 85.00% to 97.00% in the absence of KMNR, but increased to 91.00% to 98.00% in the presence of KMNR. The recall values ranged from 85.00% to 97.00% without KMNR, but increased to 87.00% to 98.00% with KMNR.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
