Simulating rotating newtonian universes

Balázs Pál; Tze Goh; Gábor Rácz; István Szapudi

doi:10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01520-3

2023 Impact factor 2.6

Special Topics

Particles and Plasmas

Open Access

Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top.
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01520-3

Regular Article

Simulating rotating newtonian universes

Balázs Pál¹^,2^a, Tze Goh³, Gábor Rácz⁴ and István Szapudi³

¹ Department of Physics of Complex Systems, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
² Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
³ Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai’I at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
⁴ Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

^a pal.balazs@ttk.elte.hu

Received: 15 October 2024
Accepted: 7 February 2025
Published online: 27 February 2025

Abstract

We present the results of a novel type of numerical simulation that realizes a rotating Universe with a shear-free, rigid body rotation inspired by a Gödel-like metric. We run cosmological simulations of unperturbed glasses with various degrees of rotation in the Einstein–de Sitter and the $Λ$ $\Lambda$ CDM cosmologies. To achieve this, we use the StePS N-body code capable of simulating the infinite Universe, overcoming the technical obstacles of classical toroidal (periodic) topologies that would otherwise prevent us from running such simulations. Results show a clear anisotropy between the polar and equatorial expansion rates with more than $1 %$ $1~\%$ deviation from the isotropic case for maximal rotation without closed timeline curves within the horizon, $ω_{0} \approx 10^{- 3}$ $\omega _{0} \approx 10^{-3}$ ${Gyr}^{- 1}$ $\hbox {Gyr}^{-1}$ ; a considerable effect in the era of precision cosmology.

Tze Goh, Gábor Rácz and István Szapudi contributed equally to this work.

© The Author(s) 2025

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