https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01526-x
Regular Article
Natural convection of Newtonian nanofluid with temperature-dependent viscosity in a wavy trapezoidal cavity: a numerical study
1
Department of Mathematics, NIT Calicut, 673601, Calicut, India
2
Department of Mathematics, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, 522503, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India
Received:
4
November
2024
Accepted:
7
February
2025
Published online:
21
February
2025
Natural convection is pivotal in many engineering applications, particularly in systems requiring efficient thermal management. Recent advancements in nanofluid technology have demonstrated the potential of nanoparticles to enhance heat transfer properties. This study investigates natural convection in wavy trapezoidal enclosures filled with 
-water nanofluids, focusing on the effects of temperature-dependent viscosity, nanoparticle volume fraction, temperature gradients, and magnetic fields. The analysis covers Hartmann numbers ranging from 25 to 100, temperature gradients from 10 to 30, and nanoparticle volume fractions between 0.02 and 0.06. Numerical simulations were performed using MATLAB with the Galerkin finite element method, domain discretization in GMSH, and parametric analysis via Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in Minitab. The findings reveal that larger temperature gradients and higher nanoparticle concentrations significantly enhance heat transfer, while wavy geometries induce turbulence and mixing, further boosting thermal performance. Conversely, increasing Hartmann numbers dampens convection currents, aligning flow patterns with the magnetic field and suppressing turbulence. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between geometric, fluidic, and magnetic properties. This could have consequences for enhancing heat transfer performance in solar energy collectors, electronic cooling devices, and heat exchangers.
The original online version of this article was revised: In this article the affiliation details for E. Suresh Reddy were incorrectly given as ‘Department of Mathematics, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwapeetham, Amaravati 522503, Andhra Pradesh, India’ but should have been ‘Department of Mathematics, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh-522503, India’.
A correction to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01577-0.
Copyright comment Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
corrected publication 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
